C. carduacea heads at anthesis

The interaction of phyllaries and ligulate florets of C. carduacea
by Bob Harms  email-here

The phyllaries remain stiffly erect and the ligules too are erect or, when older, as on the right, spread only where there is a gap between the phyllaries. Contrast this with the spreading of both ligules and phyllaries of C. texana:


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